Changes of mountain glaciers in the Southern and Northern Hemispheres over the past 160 years


https://doi.org/10.15356/2076-6734-2017-4-453-467

Full Text:




Abstract

Changes of the glacier areas were analyzed. Rates of the area reduction of glaciers and glacier systems were compared over the course of the past 160 years as well as during shorter time intervals for the same period. On average for the whole period, the glacier areas decreased by a few tenths of a percent from the original in a year. Note, that this value was formed by rates for periods of the glacier retreating and advancing which were comparable by their intensities with rates from tenths of a percent to several percents of area in a year. In the first and the last thirds of the 20th century, when a rise of the air temperature decelerated, a number of advancing glaciers increased in both hemispheres. During these periods the same glaciers advanced (up to 25% of the total quantity of the investigated glaciers in the Alps). The second third of the 20th and the begin‑ ning of the 21st century were characterized by intensification of the temperature rise, and as the consequence of that, the number of advancing glaciers decreased, and rates of the area reductions increased over the whole globe. This dynamics was in a good agreement with the sea ice fluctuations in both, the Arctic and Antarctic regions, where the ice coverage increased in the 1960–1970 and in the second tenth of XXI century. So, decel‑ eration of the climate warming in that time was followed by increasing of the Arctic and Antarctic sea ice coverage and by deceleration of the area reduction of the mountain glacierization in some regions.

About the Authors

V. M. Kotlyakov
Institute of Geography, Russian Academy of Sciences.
Russian Federation
Moscow.


L. P. Chernova
Institute of Geography, Russian Academy of Sciences.
Russian Federation
Moscow.


A. Ya. Muraviev
Institute of Geography, Russian Academy of Sciences.
Russian Federation
Moscow.


T. E. Khromova
Institute of Geography, Russian Academy of Sciences.
Russian Federation
Moscow.


N. M. Zverkova
Институт географии РАН.
Russian Federation


References

1. Dolgova Ekaterina. June–September temperature reconstruction in the Nortern Caucasus based on blue intensity data. Dendrochronologia. 2016, 39: 17–23. www. elsevier .com/locate/dendro

2. Zhichkin A.P. Long-term and seasonal anomalies of ice coverage in the Barents Sea. Meteorologiya i gidrologiya. Meteorology and Hydrology. 2015, 5: 52–62. [In Russian].

3. Alekseev G.V. Arctic dimension of global warming. Led i Sneg. Ice and Snow. 2014, 2 (126): 53–68. [In Russian].

4. Korotkov A.I., Fedulov V.E., Korabliov V.E. Detailed scheme of iceberg distribution in the Southern Ocean. Problemy Arktiki i Antarktiki. Problems of Arctic and Antarctic. 2014, 3 (101): 89–96, 111, 115. [In Russian] .

5. The Swiss Glaciers. 2011/12 and 2012/13. Glaciological Report No 133/134. Ed. A. Bauder. Cryospheric Commission (EKK) of the Swiss Academy of Sciences (SCNAT), 2016: 118 p.

6. WGMS.ch/metadatabrowser.html

7. Kotlyakov V.M., Khromova T.E., Nosenko G.A., Popova V.V., Chernova L.P., Murav’ev A.Ya., Rototaeva O.V., Nikitin S.A., Zverkova N.M. Sovremennye izmeneniya lednikov gornykh rayonov Rossii. Recent glacier changes in mountain regions of Russia. Moscow: KMK Scientific Press, 2015: 288 p. [In Russian].

8. Global Land Ice Measurements. Eds.: S. Jeffrey, G .J. Kargel, M .P. Leonard, B .A. Kaab, B .Y. Raup. Berlin, 2014: 876 p.

9. Solomina O.N. North Eurasia Mountain Glaciation during Holocene. Moscow: Nauchnyi mir, 1999: 264 p. [In Russian].

10. Nikitin S.A. Regularities of the glacial ice distribution in the Russian Altai, storage and dynamics assessment. Materialy Glyatsiologicheskikh Issledovaniy. Data of Glaciological Studies. 2009, 107: 87–96. [In Russian].

11. Panov V.D. Evolution of present-day glaciation in the Caucasus. Sankt-Petersburg: Gidrometeoizdat, 1993: 431 p. [In Russian].

12. Kotlyakov V.M., Khromova T.E., Nosenko G.A., Popo va V.V., Chernova L.P., Murav’ev A.Ya. New data on current changes in the mountain glaciers of Russia. Doklady Akademii Nauk. Doklady Earth Sciences. 2015, 464 (2): 727–734.

13. Bush N.A. State of glaciers on the northern slope of Caucasus in 1907, 1909, 1911 and 1913. Izvestiya RGO. Proc. of the Russian Geographical Society. 1914, 50 (9): 461–510. [In Russian].

14. Bushueva I.S. Glacier fluctuations in the Central and Western Caucasus through the last 200 years according to cartographic, historical and bioindicated data. PhD Thesis. Moscow: Institute of Geography RAS, 2013: 24 p. [In Russian].

15. Zolotarev E.A. On the terminal «moraine of the 1930s» and size of Djankuat Glacier. Materialy Glyatsiologicheskikh Issledovaniy. Data of Glaciological Studies. 1999, 87: 177–183. [In Russian].

16. Dushkin M.A. Long-term fluctuations of Aktru glaciers and conditions of evolution of young moraines. Glyatsiologiya Altaya. Glaciology of Altai. 1965, 4: 83–101. [In Russian].

17. Galakhov V.P., Narozhny Yu.K., Nikitin S.A., Okishev P.A., Sevastyanov V.V., Sevastyanova L.M., Shantykova L.N., Shurov V.I. Aktru glaciers. Leningrad: Gidrometeoizdat, 1987: 119 p. [In Russian].

18. Larocque S.J., Smith D.J. Little Ice Age glacial activity in the Mt. Waddington area, British Columbia Coast Mountains, Canada. Canadian Journ. of Earth Sciences. 2003, 40 (10): 1413–1436.

19. Luckman B.H. The Little Ice Age in the Canadian Rockies. Geomorphology. 2000, 32: 357–384.

20. Masiokas M.H., Rivera A., Espizua L.E., Villalba R., Delgado S., Aravena J.C. Glacier fluctuations in extratropical South America during the past 1000 years. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 2009, 281: 242–268.

21. Narozhny Yu.K. Resource assessment and trends of glacier variations in the Aktru Basin (Altai) over the last 150 years. Materialy Glyatsiologicheskikh Issledovaniy. Data of Glaciological Studies. 2001, 90: 117–125. [In Russian].

22. Narozhny Yu.K., Nikitin S.A. Recent glaciation in Altay at the beginning of 21th century. Materialy Glyatsiologicheskikh Issledovaniy. Data of Glaciological Studies. 2003, 95: 93–101. [In Russian].

23. Ruddell A. An inventory of present glaciers on Heard Island and their historical variations. Heard Island: Southern Ocean Sentinel. Eds. K. Green and E. Woehler. Surrey Beatty & Sons, Chipping Norton, New South Wales, Australia, 2006: 28–51.

24. Khrutsky V.S., Golubeva E.I. Dynamics of the glaciers of the Turgen-Kharkhira mountain range (Western Mongolia). Geografiya i prirodnye resursy. Geography and Natural Resources. 2008, 3: 145–156.

25. Zolotarev E.A., Kharkovets E.G. Evolution of Mount Elbrus glaciation after the Little Ice Age. Led i Sneg. Ice and Snow. 2012, 2 (118): 15–22. [In Russian].

26. Ceballos J.L., Euscategui C., Ramirez J., Canon M., Huggel C., Haeberli W., Machguth H. Fast shrinkage of tropical glaciers in Colombia. Annals of Glaciology. 2006, 43: 194–201.

27. Global Glacier Changes: facts and figures. UNEP, WGMS, 2007: 88 p.

28. Leclercq P.W., Oerlemans J., Basagic H.J., Bushueva I., Cook A.J., Bris R.Le. A data set of worldwide glacier land fluctuations. The Cryosphere. 2014, 8: 659–672. www.thecryosphere.net/8/659/2014/doi:10.5194/ts-8-659-2014

29. Harris U. Heard Island Digitizing 2009. CAASM Metadata, Australian Antarctic Division Data Centre, Kingstone, Tasmania, Australia. Available at http://data.aad.gov.au/aadc/metadata/ [Catalogue of Australian Antarctic and Subantarctic]

30. Chistyakov K.V., Ganyushkin D.A., Syromyatina M.V., Kurochkin Yu.N. Present-day state and dynamics of glacialnival systems in Mongun-Taiga and Tavan-Bogdo-Ola massifs. Rol’ snega i l’da v prirode i zhizni lyudey. Role of snow and ice in the nature and life of people. Theses of Glaciological Symposium. January 15–17, 2014. Novosibirsk. 2014: 85–86. [In Russian].

31. Chistyakov K.V., Ganyushkin D.A., Moskalenko I.G., Zelepukina E.S., Amosov M.I., Volkov I.V., Glebova A.G., Guzel’ N.I., Zhuravlev S.A., Prudnikova T.N., Pryakhina G.V. Mongun-Taiga mountain massif. Sankt-Petersburg: Art-Express, 2012: 310 p. [In Russian].

32. Troitsky L.S., Khodakov V.G., Mikhalev V.I., Gus’kov A.S., Lebedeva I.M., Adamenko V.N., Zhivkovich L.A. Glaciation of the Urals. Moscow: Nauka, 1966: 306 p. [In Russian].

33. Observational data on mountain-glacier basins of the Soviet Union under the International Hydrological Decade Programme. Is. 2: 1969–1974. Leningrad: Gidrometeoizdat, 1987: 302 p. [In Russian] .

34. Ivanov M.N. Evolution of glaciation of the Polar Urals in the late Holocene. Moscow, 2013: 200 p. [In Russian].

35. Murav’ev A.Ya., Murav’ev Ya.D. Glacier oscillations on the Klyuchevskaya volcanic group in the second half of XX century and the beginning of XXI century. Led i Sneg. Ice and Snow. 2016, 56 (4), 480–492. doi: 10 .15356/2076-6734-2016-4-480-492. [In Russian].

36. Vinogradov V.N., Muraviev Ya.D. Kozelsky Glacier (Avacha volcanoes group). Sankt-Petersburg: Gidrometeoizdat. 1992: 119 p. [In Russian].

37. Golub N.V., Muraviev Ya.D. Mass balance and fluctuations of the Kropotkin Glacier (Bolshoy Semyachik Volcano, Eastern Kamchatka) and their relation to climate. Materialy Glyatsiologicheskikh Issledovaniy. Data of Glaciological Studies. 2005, 99: 26–31. [In Russian].

38. Petrakov D.A., Lavrentiev I.I., Kovalenko N.V., Usubaliev R.A. Ice thickness, volume and modern changes of area of the Sary-Tor Glacier (Ak-Shyirak massif, Inner Tien Shan). Kriosfera Zemli. Earth Cryosphere. 2014, 18 (3): 91–100. [In Russian].

39. Kotlyakov V.M. Snow Cover and Glaciers of the Earth. Selected Works: Book 2. Moscow: Nauka, 2004: 448 p. [In Russian].

40. Narozhny Yu.K. Mass balance of the Aktru glaciers: methods of observations, trends of changes and dependence on climate. Vestnik Tomskogo Universiteta. Herald of the Tomsk State University. 2001, 274: 13–23. [In Russian].

41. Revyakin V.S., Mukhametov R.M. REduction of the Kupol and Maliy Aktru glacier system, Altai, over 1952–1979. Materialy Glyatsiologicheskikh Issledovaniy. Data of Glaciological Studies. 1981, 41: 187–190. [In Russian].

42. Mikhalev V.I., Tsvetkov D.G., Shumsky P.A. On the methods to study the mechanism of glacier fluctuations (Obruchev Glacier in Polar Urals as an example). Materialy Glyatsiologicheskikh Issledovaniy. Data of Glaciological Studies. 1972, 19: 221–236. [In Russian].

43. Shumsky P.A., Mikhalev V.I., Tsvetkov D.G. Variations of the Obruchev Glacier (Polar Urals), their mechanism and causes. Surface kinematics. Materialy Glyatsiologicheskikh Issledovaniy. Data of Glaciological Studies. 1972, 20: 35–70. [In Russian].

44. Kotlyakov V.M., Chernova L.P., Khomova T.E., Zverkova N.M. Glacier surges and glacial disasters. Doklady Akademii Nauk. Doklady Earth Sciences. 2017, 472 (1): 93–97 .


Supplementary files

For citation: Kotlyakov V.M., Chernova L.P., Muraviev A.Y., Khromova T.E., Zverkova N.M. Changes of mountain glaciers in the Southern and Northern Hemispheres over the past 160 years. Ice and Snow. 2017;57(4):453-467. https://doi.org/10.15356/2076-6734-2017-4-453-467

Views: 1617

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.


ISSN 2076-6734 (Print)
ISSN 2412-3765 (Online)